Daniel 9:24

_ _ Seventy weeks — namely, of years; literally, “Seventy sevens”; seventy heptads or hebdomads; four hundred ninety years; expressed in a form of “concealed definiteness” [Hengstenberg], a usual way with the prophets. The Babylonian captivity is a turning point in the history of the kingdom of God. It terminated the free Old Testament theocracy. Up to that time Israel, though oppressed at times, was; as a rule, free. From the Babylonian captivity the theocracy never recovered its full freedom down to its entire suspension by Rome; and this period of Israel’s subjection to the Gentiles is to continue till the millennium (Revelation 20:1-15), when Israel shall be restored as head of the New Testament theocracy, which will embrace the whole earth. The free theocracy ceased in the first year of Nebuchadnezzar, and the fourth of Jehoiakim; the year of the world 3338, the point at which the seventy years of the captivity begin. Heretofore Israel had a right, if subjugated by a foreign king, to shake off the yoke (Judges 4:1-5:31; 2 Kings 18:7) as an unlawful one, at the first opportunity. But the prophets (Jeremiah 27:9-11) declared it to be God’s will that they should submit to Babylon. Hence every effort of Jehoiakim, Jeconiah, and Zedekiah to rebel was vain. The period of the world times, and of Israel’s depression, from the Babylonian captivity to the millennium, though abounding more in afflictions (for example, the two destructions of Jerusalem, Antiochus’ persecution, and those which Christians suffered), contains all that was good in the preceding ones, summed up in Christ, but in a way visible only to the eye of faith. Since He came as a servant, He chose for His appearing the period darkest of all as to His people’s temporal state. Always fresh persecutors have been rising, whose end is destruction, and so it shall be with the last enemy, Antichrist. As the Davidic epoch is the point of the covenant-people’s highest glory, so the captivity is that of their lowest humiliation. Accordingly, the people’s sufferings are reflected in the picture of the suffering Messiah. He is no longer represented as the theocratic King, the Antitype of David, but as the Servant of God and Son of man; at the same time the cross being the way to glory (compare Daniel 9:1-27 with Daniel 2:34, Daniel 2:35, Daniel 2:44; Daniel 12:7). In the second and seventh chapters, Christ’s first coming is not noticed, for Daniel’s object was to prophesy to his nation as to the whole period from the destruction to the re-establishment of Israel; but this ninth chapter minutely predicts Christ’s first coming, and its effects on the covenant people. The seventy weeks date thirteen years before the rebuilding of Jerusalem; for then the re-establishment of the theocracy began, namely, at the return of Ezra to Jerusalem, 457 b.c. So Jeremiah’s seventy years of the captivity begin 606 b.c., eighteen years before the destruction of Jerusalem, for then Judah ceased to exist as an independent theocracy, having fallen under the sway of Babylon. Two periods are marked in Ezra: (1) The return from the captivity under Jeshua and Zerubbabel, and rebuilding of the temple, which was the first anxiety of the theocratic nation. (2) The return of Ezra (regarded by the Jews as a second Moses) from Persia to Jerusalem, the restoration of the city, the nationality, and the law. Artaxerxes, in the seventh year of his reign, gave him the commission which virtually includes permission to rebuild the city, afterwards confirmed to, and carried out by, Nehemiah in the twentieth year (Ezra 9:9; Ezra 7:11, etc.). Daniel 9:25, “from the going forth of the commandment to build Jerusalem,” proves that the second of the two periods is referred to. The words in Daniel 9:24 are not, “are determined upon the holy city,” but “upon thy people and thy holy city”; thus the restoration of the religious national polity and the law (the inner work fulfilled by Ezra the priest), and the rebuilding of the houses and walls (the outer work of Nehemiah, the governor), are both included in Daniel 9:25, “restore and build Jerusalem.” “Jerusalem” represents both the city, the body, and the congregation, the soul of the state. Compare Psalms 46:1-11; Psalms 48:1-14; Psalms 87:1-7. The starting-point of the seventy weeks dated from eighty-one years after Daniel received the prophecy: the object being not to fix for him definitely the time, but for the Church: the prophecy taught him that the Messianic redemption, which he thought near, was separated from him by at least a half millennium. Expectation was sufficiently kept alive by the general conception of the time; not only the Jews, but many Gentiles looked for some great Lord of the earth to spring from Judea at that very time [Tacitus, Histories, 5.13; Seutonius, Vespasian, 4]. Ezra’s placing of Daniel in the canon immediately before his own book and Nehemiah’s was perhaps owing to his feeling that he himself brought about the beginning of the fulfillment of the prophecy (Daniel 9:20-27) [Auberlen].

_ _ determined — literally, “cut out,” namely, from the whole course of time, for God to deal in a particular manner with Jerusalem.

_ _ thy ... thy — Daniel had in his prayer often spoken of Israel as “Thy people, Thy holy city”; but Gabriel, in reply, speaks of them as Daniel’s (“thy ... thy”) people and city, God thus intimating that until the “everlasting righteousness” should be brought in by Messiah, He could not fully own them as His [Tregelles] (compare Exodus 32:7). Rather, as God is wishing to console Daniel and the godly Jews, “the people whom thou art so anxiously praying for”; such weight does God give to the intercessions of the righteous (James 5:16-18).

_ _ finish — literally, “shut up”; remove from God’s sight, that is, abolish (Psalms 51:9) [Lengkerke]. The seventy years’ exile was a punishment, but not a full atonement, for the sin of the people; this would come only after seventy prophetic weeks, through Messiah.

_ _ make an end of — The Hebrew reading, “to steal,” that is, to hide out of sight (from the custom of sealing up things to be concealed, compare Job 9:7), is better supported.

_ _ make reconciliation for — literally, “to cover,” to overlay (as with pitch, Genesis 6:14). Compare Psalms 32:1.

_ _ bring in everlasting righteousness — namely, the restoration of the normal state between God and man (Jeremiah 23:5, Jeremiah 23:6); to continue eternally (Hebrews 9:12; Revelation 14:6).

_ _ seal up ... vision ... prophecy — literally, “prophet.” To give the seal of confirmation to the prophet and his vision by the fulfillment.

_ _ anoint the Most Holy — primarily, to “anoint,” or to consecrate after its pollution “the Most Holy” place but mainly Messiah, the antitype to the Most Holy place (John 2:19-22). The propitiatory in the temple (the same Greek word expresses the mercy seat and propitiation, Romans 3:25), which the Jews looked for at the restoration from Babylon, shall have its true realization only in Messiah. For it is only when sin is “made an end of” that God’s presence can be perfectly manifested. As to “anoint,” compare Exodus 40:9, Exodus 40:34. Messiah was anointed with the Holy Ghost (Acts 4:27; Acts 10:38). So hereafter, God-Messiah will “anoint” or consecrate with His presence the holy place at Jerusalem (Jeremiah 3:16, Jeremiah 3:17; Ezekiel 37:27, Ezekiel 37:28), after its pollution by Antichrist, of which the feast of dedication after the pollution by Antiochus was a type.